Global Development Goals in Jeopardy

The ongoing decline of biodiversity is not only affecting the ecosystems and nature’s contribution to people but puts the achievement of some of the global development goals to risk.

In the Americas, the continuing loss of biodiversity will impede the achievement of some of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the report states. The loss in Africa will increase and the SDGs are unlikely to be reached in 3 of 5 tested scenarios. The Asia-Pacific region lacks mainly of solid waste management, which is affecting biodiversity loss. But also water and land pollution are main drivers. Europe and Central Asia are showing some progress in establishing protected areas and mainstreaming the importance of biodiversity, but the pressures are unlikely to be reduced.

Promising Policy Options Available

Even though the reports paint an overall pessimistic picture of the state of the world’s ecosystems, they also state that efficient policy options do exist. In some regions there are promising projects that have been found to work in protecting and restoring biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people.

In the Americas, the protection of key biodiversity areas increased by 17% between 1970 and 2010. Nevertheless, there is still a lot of work to be done. Less than 20% of key biodiversity areas are currently protected. It is crucial, the report stresses, to support biodiversity better in human-dominated landscapes . This can only be achieved if the protection and restoration of biodiversity is integrated into a broad array of economic and sectoral policies.

In Africa, the recovery of some threatened species could be reported. This could be enhanced by an effective management of protected areas, a network of wildlife corridors and the restoration of degraded ecosystems. There is also an urgent need for a control of invasive alien species and the reintroduction of wild native animals. A pending problem is also the ongoing undervaluation of the rich natural resources of Africa.

The Asia-Pacific region did make great efforts to restore and expand protected areas, especially forests. Yet, some of the most important bird and key biodiversity areas are still under threat. Solutions could be a better application of science and technology, the empowerment of local communities, integrating biodiversity conservation into other key sectors and a scenario planning that is sensitive to economic and cultural diversity. Additionally, private sector partnerships could be set up to finance biodiversity protection and a better cross-border regional collaboration could be established.

Europe and Central Asia made some progress in mainstreaming the value of biodiversity and nature’s contribution to people. They also increased the areas under protection. This could be enhanced by measuring national welfare beyond the GDP.

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A few days ago, the 6th plenary meeting of IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) ended in Medellin, Colombia, where the regional assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services for Africa, the Americas, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Central Asia were approved. The extensively peer-reviewed reports are providing answers for the questions: Why is biodiversity important? Where are we making progress? What are the main threats and opportunities for biodiversity? And how can we adjust our policies for a more sustainable future?

The assessments are carrying an important and urgent message: Biodiversity is still rapidly declining in all regions of the world. And it is unlikely to stop. Threads for biodiversity loss are manifold: Habitat loss, overexploitation and unsustainable use of natural resources; air, land and water pollution and in increasing numbers and impacts of invasive alien species and climate change are just a few examples.

But there is also good news, says Sir Bob Watson, Chair of IPBES: We know – in theory – how to protect our nature and there are a number of positive examples out there. We must act fast, if we want to protect “not only the future we want, but even the lives we currently lead”.

The Americas

“Human-induced climate change, which affects temperature, precipitation and the nature of extreme events, is increasingly driving biodiversity loss and the reduction of nature’s contributions to people, worsening the impact of habitat degradation, pollution, invasive species and the overexploitation of natural resources.” Dr. Jake Rice (Canada), co-chair of the Americas assessment

In a business as usual scenario, climate change will be the fastest driver of biodiversity decline in the Americas by 2050. In the Americas, there are 31% less species than in the time of the first European settlers. Within two years (in 2020), the loss could be increasing up to 40%.

There are local communities, whose practices, such as polyculture or agroforestry, have the potential to increase biodiversity again. However, these lifestyles are greatly challenged by the so called “modern lifestyle” and are likely to decline more and more. This will cause a loss of indigenous knowledge and traditional practices that are originally enhancing biodiversity.

Africa

“Africa is the last place on Earth with a wide range of large mammals, yet today there are more African plants, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and large mammals threatened than ever before by a range of both human-induced and natural causes.” Dr. Emma Archer (South Africa), co-chair of the African assessment

The report states that up to now 500 000 km² are already degraded in Africa due to overexploitation, erosion and pollution. This area is as big as Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands together. The biggest threat to biodiversity is the increasing  population which is expected to double to 2.5 billion people by 2050. Especially the marine and coastal ecosystems – having a significant economic importance – are under threat. A continuous degradation can therefore have serious implications for tourism as well as for fisheries, food security and the overall marine biodiversity.

Asia-Pacific

“The region’s biodiversity faces unprecedented threats, from extreme weather events and sea level rise, to invasive alien species, agricultural intensification and increasing waste and pollution.” Dr. Madhav Karki (Nepal), co-chair of the Asia-Pacific assessment

An overall decline of biodiversity was reported, but there was also a success in increasing protected areas. The forest cover increased by 2,5% over the past 25 years. There are, however, doubts whether these efforts are sufficient to stop the overall decrease of biodiversity. This is mainly due to the reported decline of values of nature’s contributions by the people in that area. Apart from that, the biggest threat to biodiversity is the increasing variety and abundance of invasive alien species. If the practices continue like nowadays, the report states,  there will be no exploitable fish stocks by 2048 and up to 90% of the corals will be exposed to severe degradation by 2050, even under conservative climate change scenarios. The most threatened ecosystems are forests, alpine ecosystems, inland freshwater and wetlands, as well as coastal systems.

Europe and Central Asia

“The people of the region consume more renewable natural resources than the region produces,” said Prof. Markus Fischer (Switzerland), co-chair of the Europe and Central Asia assessment

Europe and Central Asia are facing a rapid decline of biodiversity mainly due to increasing conventional agricultural and forestry practices. But there are also some examples of sustainable agricultural and forestry practices. Nevertheless, Europe and Central Asia are facing a loss of associated indigenous and local knowledge and practices. Additionally, only 7% of marine species and 9% of marine habitat types show a ‘favourable conservation status’. The report stresses that economic growth needs to be decoupled from the degradation of biodiversity to facilitate sustainable development.

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