We would like to advertise the application deadline this summer for an attractive and intense international MSc study program in Global Change Ecology at the University of Bayreuth in Germany. Either you in person or bachelor students and graduates around may be interested in this qualification.

The program is devoted to understanding and analyzing the most important and consequential environmental concern of the 21st century; namely, the ecological consequences of Global Change, especially the effects of climate change and biodiversity loss. One of the program’s focus is the linking of natural science and socio-economic perspectives. The international program is realized in close contact with research institutions, NGOs and companies and administration. Our study program has been acknowledged by the United Nations as an observer organization. During the last years, we received applications from more than 70 countries.

Teaching language is in English. There is no application fee and accepted candidates do not have to pay tuition fees.

Applicants from any academic background that is related to the scope of this study program are welcome to apply. Applications can be uploaded on the Online Application portal.

The deadline is 15th of June 2021. Please check the link below for application details.

https://www.bayceer.uni-bayreuth.de/gce/en/lehre/gru/html.php?id_obj=39882

We encourage and appreciate you to disseminate this information! Our coordinators will be happy to assist candidates in their application if something is unclear.

Best wishes,

Carl Beierkuhnlein
Head of the graduate program (M.Sc.) “Global Change Ecology” (within the Elite Network of Bavaria)

The post M.Sc. Global Change Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Germany – Application open until June 15th 2021 appeared first on Global Change Ecology.

I hope you are well!

For a few months now, the entire world has been experiencing isolation, a passive yet active fight to be safe, to protect the ones we care about, the ones we don’t even know and the ones working in the front lines – all staff from the health care system. We wonder, we have anxiety, we check every day for information to verify if the corona curve is decreasing, and we hope that the odds be ever in our favour. We are living in a historical moment, a pandemic that makes us reflect on ourselves, our world and our role as capable agents of change. Despite trying to carry on with our daily routines, that curve repeatedly comes to the forefront of our minds! Has that ever happened to you? Or is it just me? Indeed, we are mainly talking about the corona curve, but there is another curve that also concerns us.

In 1798, Thomas Malthus, an English renowned economist, wrote a book entitled “An Essay on the Principle of Population”. In this book, he addresses many subjects about human beings, their mindset, society, economy, resources and even issues of the heart. But the first and principal thesis of what his book is about is, as he well states, the great concern that “the power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man”. Meaning that as population grows in a geometrical ratio (exponential now) and subsistence (resources) is produced in an arithmetical ratio, the system will more than likely collapse! Does that sound familiar?

Currently, people everywhere have been asked to #StayAtHome, #BleibZuhause, and governments have decreed the quarantine as a measure of containment. These efforts are not only for people to not get contaminated by the coronavirus, but also because the health care system has a LIMITED capacity to support a determined number of sick people. It is the same with our planet. Planet Earth is a whole system that has FINITE resources, a limited support capacity, where the Law of Conservation of Mass, highlighted by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789, conducts the harmony of Earth’s Symphony as nothing is created, nothing is lost, everything is transformed.

As many individuals seek to have their personal needs met, lacking awareness towards others, neither to the planet’s finite system and not even to future generations, we are led to the “Tragedy of the commons” as discoursed by Garrett Hardin in 1968. In his article, Hardin uses the analogy of a pasture open to all herdsman, who will try to maintain the highest number of their cattle there. At first, the pasture is able to provide the needs of the cattle. However, as years pass by, the “day of the reckoning” comes. Hardin defines that day as the time when each herdsman seeks to maximise his profits, so he adds more cattle to the pasture. And it only takes one person for the others to follow. As they add more cattle, the pasture finally reaches a tipping point, being unable to provide further resources.

Planet Earth could be considered the pasture in the tragedy of the commons. Then, the “herdsmen” refer to both each individual as well as the companies and the production system that exist within. The arguments of Malthus (1798) and Hardin (1968) focus on population growth and human reproduction, which led to the conclusion of “the necessity of abandoning the freedom to breed”. This is because, as Hardin states: “a finite world can support only a finite population: therefore, population growth must eventually equal zero”. (Calm down! Stop the conspiracy theories about eliminating a percentage of the world’s population! We are not in an Avengers movie and Thanos doesn’t exist!).

Back to reality…  It is a fact that the planet cannot sustain so many people, and the situation will be aggravated even more if the population continues to grow at an exponential rate. Besides the population, the pressure on natural resources is intensified highly by the production system that overexploits them. A system that harvests in destruction, expendability and unceasing exploration, resulting in a considerable alteration of the environment, extinction and pollution. Our lifestyles are a by-product of the consumerism culture that we live in and of this exacerbated production system.

Therefore, to flatten the exploitation of natural resources curve – that surpasses the limited support capacity of the planet –, a development founded in sustainability is crucial. There are several roles in this game. We, as consumers, have a voice to demand, choose and re-think how much we consume and the responsibility to act in favour of the planet. In 1968, Hardin said: “Education can counteract the natural tendency to do the wrong thing, but the inexorable succession of generations requires that the basis for this knowledge be constantly refreshed”. I will leave you here with some food for thought: Have you ever questioned your lifestyle? How much do you really need? Are you ready to flatten the curve?

We only have one Earth. How many planets are required to support your current lifestyle? The answer for this can be discovered by calculating the Ecological Footprint on the link below:

https://www.footprintcalculator.org/

            Let us know about your results and thoughts on the comments section!

            All the best!

References:

The Tragedy of the Commons:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/162/3859/1243.full.pdf.

Thomas Malthus:

http://www.esp.org/books/malthus/population/malthus.pdf

The post Earth’s Support Capacity: Flatten the curve, save the world? appeared first on Global Change Ecology.

Could you please take a minute to reflect on what you think this might mean?

Did you? Good!

I am sure you came up with a great thought! Still, I would like to share with you my perspective.

Planet Earth represents the all and you are the one! Well … Not just you. You, me and every living being consists – individually – in one element in this huge planet. In this context, the cycle of life goes on and never stops. As seasons change, each component experiences life, death and life again. Every unit is transformed but is still part of the all. In the all, we are connected and we come together as one!

Does that make sense to you?

As one, we – the entire world – are currently facing a pandemic, and this is not breaking news, I know! Nevertheless, we have been called attention to open our eyes to our planet, our home, to our neighbours, colleagues and everyone, regardless if we are acquainted with them or not. This moment, nature, in the verge of a tipping point, calls us out to stop and open our eyes to all the damage humans – us – have been causing in this world.

It has not been easy. Ever! Climate change, deforestation, pollution, extinction, consumerism, disturbance of natural cycles and processes. Poverty, hunger, gender inequality, discrimination, no access to health nor education and so many other issues! We debate, we disagree, we don’t believe. But the fact is that it is difficult to endure and mitigate certain situations as ONE, as people from different backgrounds (geographical, economic, social) live contrasting realities and face distinctive hardships.

It is impactful to me how this 2020 Coronavirus pandemic is practically making the world stop. However, this should not shock me as much considering that this is not the first pandemic that the world has ever faced. In the history of pandemics^[1], the one that caused more deaths is the Bubonic Plague, also known as the Black Death. This records the 14^th century and it was a disease originated in rats and had fleas as vectors to humans. It is estimated that half of the European population died during this period.

The second greatest pandemic is Smallpox in 1520, that killed approximately 90% of Native Americans, and registered a number of around 400.000 dead people annually in Europe in the 19^th century. That was when the first vaccine for Smallpox was created. Don’t be alarmed! I am not trying to scare you!

Amongst many other pandemics, more recent ones, that always pop up in our minds – now thinking about the Coronavirus – are the Swine Flu and the Ebola. Let’s not forget that HIV/AIDS was also considered as a pandemic! And even though there is not a cure yet, there are medicines to treat and effective ways of prevention.

Still, somehow, the COVID-19 pandemic feels different. And some reasons are: it is a new virus, scientists and researchers are still understanding and learning about this new form; and, it is a current outbreak which increases every minute. Moreover, today, we live in a 24/7 online world, and as news travel as rapid as ever before, so does fear … But, so does hope!

Just like the union that has been rising to change this situation, we as individuals can grow stronger, selfless, caring and active! In this moment, when we experience this necessary quarantine, we have the opportunity to reflect on how our actions have been impacting our planet. We have the chance to understand that we are a part of one universe and, although we may feel small, we can shape the world around us. As environmental leaders and advocates, we can promote more dialogues and discussions to raise awareness and solutions about Earth’s urgent agenda! And I know you have already been doing this and that you try every day!

But as all of us, inhabitants of the Earth, take a step back to deal with this new virus, let’s take this time of union and connectedness to glimpse together the rise of a new dawn! There is hope of a turn in events when everybody engages to reach the goal that benefits the ONE (planet). We should stand together as every fight is a fight of ALL of us, to protect our home and ensure the existence and resources for the sake of the environment, ourselves and future generations. We can do this! Because now is ALL FOR ONE!

Reference:

Pandemics^[1] https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/

The post One is all and all is one: How a global pandemic can change our perspective of being appeared first on Global Change Ecology.

The Landesnaturschutzverband Baden-Württemberg e.V. (LNV)

In Baden-Württemberg, one of the 16 German states, there are 3 large nature conservation organizations: the BUND, the NABU and the LNV. LNV is an umbrella organization with 33 member organizations including nature conservation organizations, fishing, hunting and hiking organizations.

“Sometimes there are conflicts between freetime activities like mountain biking, climbing, diving and nature conservation”, explains Gerhard Brönner, director of the LNV in Baden-Württemberg.  “The LNV tries to find solutions together with all stakeholders. Nature conservation is successful only when it follows the principle “use it or lose it”. For this reason, it has to provide benefits to everybody, otherwise it is not effective in the long run.”.

Since those associations have different opinions and ideas, the LNV mediated the creation of agreements consisting of position papers followed by the 33 organizations. These position papers are important for county working groups as they serve as a directing line for working volunteers. Brönner deplored the recent difficulty to find new volunteers:

“Most of the work is done by volunteers. That is why it is essential for us to find dedicated people. Sometimes we have the chance to be in contact with relevant persons and try to get them to volunteer at the LNV, retired public servant for instance”, he says. According to Brönner, the LNV  is recently facing difficulties to engage young people in nature conservation.

“I guess it’s due to new technology distractions, a lack of commitment or a change in generation mindset and interests”, he says.

With so many different stakeholders it takes a long time and effort to develop a common position paper — the last one took about 1 year to be written. LNV was facing difficulties with a hunting regulation, but it finally found an agreement pleasing everybody. Some of these positions are very sensible and if one of the member organization has a different opinion it cannot speak about it in the name of the LNV. It has to stay in a “grey zone” with its own opinion. However, most of the time the 33 organizations cooperate and stay united to defend their view in front of the politicians.

Budget, funding and subvention

The LNV is mainly financed by the local state subventions and organization membership fees. “The state budget varies and has to be approved annually, it is rarely sufficient”,  complains Brönner.

Each of the 33 organizations belonging to the LNV pays a membership fee based on their size, which means based on the  number of individuals in the organization. Usually only NGOs can be members, nonetheless individuals can support the LNV by paying an annual membership fee of 300€. “Those supporting individual members don’t have any voting rights. In addition, they have to be approved by the LNV’s executive board to avoid any conflict of interest. For the same reason, the LNV refuses money from companies and corporate. Unlike famous international foundations such as WWF and Greenpeace sponsored by rich donors and organizations, we prefer to be as independent as possible. Even if we received two third of our budget from state subventions, we would still criticize it openly and freely”, the director of the LNV says.

For specific projects requiring extra expenses, the LNV raises fundings through donation campaigns. “Although donations vary, most of the fundings are constant over time as public subvention and membership fees are fixed”, says Brönner. All this money is used by the LNV to act politically as a lobbyist,  so that they can pay their office staff and defray their volunteer expenses.

LNV’s role at the state level

The LNV is a consulting organization, it doesn’t deal with practical environmental protection but gives detailed opinions about projects impacting nature and organizes lobbying legal actions. Currently, there is one court case against a windmill built in an area of the red kite (Milvus milvus).

Although the planning process was done by the company together with the public and the local authorities, the planning documents were never made public. Since the windmill was composed of less than 20 turbines, the LNV had access to the planning documents only at the court. The windmill project documents contained weaknesses and the LNV asked the court to review its decision about the construction project.

The LNV aims to  mediate conflicts between renewable energy and nature conservation. The organization ensures that wind turbines don’t harm migrating birds, bioenergy land doesn’t compete with food production and hydroenergy doesn’t disturb aquatic wildlife…

“On the one hand, we don’t have enough space in Baden-Württemberg to produce all the energy we need. On the other hand, in the north-western states of Germany there is more electricity produced than needed. To solve our energy problem, there is a project to bring electricity from Morocco with windmill on the coastline and solar panels in the Sahara. Only 5–10 % of the electricity would be lost during the transport and it could provide energy to all Europe” says Bronner.

The LNV helps county administrations create landscape conservation unions and mediate nature conservation actions between towns, farmers and conservationists. It also tries to convince the state government to provide funding for every county to have his union. Since there is an increasing demand of space for infrastructures and settlements, the LNV ensures the efficient use of the scarce urban land and abundant cheap rural land. “In the countryside, we try to integrate agriculture with nature conservation. We try to make farmers have a more biodiversity friendly and still economically viable management. We need to change the policy and get away from the current agri-environment scheme which subsidizes farmers on a hectare based evaluation”, Brönner says.

To control the implementation of impact compensation in the state of Baden-Württemberg, the LNV is also creating a system where all compensation measures are documented.

Once per year, in autumn, the LNV holds the “Zukunftsforum” or translated “Forum of the Future”. The aim is to bring different stakeholders together to discuss about pressing issues: last year’s conference, for example, they discussed about the declining insect diversity. Two years ago, the forum was about environmental education and the LNV tried to convince the local government to put back the basic identification of plants and insect families into the school curriculum.

“In the forum we promoted so called Naturpark schools which are primary schools in the south of the Black Forest where children go outside and learn practical subjects about nature. Pupils also meet rangers, foresters and carpenters to widen their view on the world”, says Brönner. “Nonetheless it is difficult to create these schools because teachers lack training about nature. Thus, they are afraid to go out of the school because of security and responsibility issues. Not to mention the difficulty to get parent permission and logistic funding. Another problem is the lack of experts in various conservation fields, people who know the insect or plant species. This is mainly due of the low wages in this sector.”

LNV’s role at the national and European level

As mentioned before, the LNV is a state run organization. Nonetheless, at the federal level, the LNV is part of the “Deutscher Naturschutzring” (translated German nature conservation ring) organization which assesses and shares the most efficient policies and practices among states.

“The Deutscher Naturschutzring regularly publishes reports and organizes meetings, so there is a communication between Federal states. A good example is a recent study searching for the best conservation regulations among states. We submitted the best ones to the Ministry of Baden-Württemberg and some were added in the state law.”, Brönner says.

The organization reminds the state government about their commitment to European environmental laws such as the Habitat, Birds directives and Natura 2000, in extreme cases it can complain to the European court of justice in Brussels.

To conclude, I would like to remind all of us that “alone we go faster, but together we go further “.

If we want our Earth and people to go far, we will need to strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize partnerships. Organizations like the LNV are already doing this, enhancing cooperation between different stakeholders and acting for sustainable development and use of Central European landscapes.

Written by Thuan SARZYNSKI

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